Depression is one of the most widespread mental health disorders in the modern era, affecting millions around the world in their daily lives. It has become one of the leading causes of disability in many countries. Depression is not just a feeling of sadness or a weakness of character, as some might think; rather, it is a complex mental health disorder with multiple causes that requires proper diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we provide a scientific definition of depression, its causes, symptoms, and currently approved treatment methods based on the latest medical references.
What is Depression?
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common mental health condition characterized by a persistent depressed mood or loss of interest and pleasure in daily activities for an extended period. It is accompanied by a range of psychological and physical symptoms that affect an individual’s social and occupational functioning.
According to the World Health Organization, depression can lead to serious mental and physical health complications and increase the risk of suicidal behavior in severe cases if not properly treated.
Causes of Depression
Depression does not result from a single cause but from a complex interaction of multiple factors, including:
– Biological factors: such as imbalances in neurotransmitters within the brain, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
– Genetic factors: a family history of depression increases the likelihood of occurrence.
– Psychological factors: exposure to psychological trauma, loss, or chronic stress.
– Social and environmental factors: social isolation, economic problems, and weak family support.
Symptoms of Depression
Symptoms of depression vary from person to person but often include a combination of psychological and physical signs:
🔹 Psychological symptoms:
– Persistent feelings of sadness or emptiness.
– Loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities.
– Feelings of guilt or low self-esteem.
🔹 Physical symptoms:
– Sleep disturbances (insomnia or excessive sleeping).
– Changes in appetite and weight.
– Constant fatigue and lack of energy.
🔹 Other symptoms:
– Difficulty concentrating and making decisions.
– Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide in severe cases.
How is Depression Diagnosed?
Depression diagnosis relies on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR), which requires the presence of several symptoms lasting at least two weeks and significantly impacting the patient’s daily life.
Additionally, some standardized psychological measures such as the PHQ-9 and Beck Depression Inventory are used to assess the severity of depression and monitor treatment response.
Approved Treatment Options
Depression treatment depends on the severity of the condition and the patient’s characteristics, involving a combination of psychological and medical approaches:
🧠 1. Psychological Therapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is among the most effective methods for treating depression, helping patients modify negative thought patterns and behaviors.
💊 2. Pharmacological Treatment
Medications used include:
– Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).
– Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs).
These medications should be prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare professional.
🧩 3. Supportive and Complementary Methods
– Regular exercise.
– Improving sleep patterns and adopting a healthy diet.
– Social support and family therapy.
🧠 4. Modern Treatments
Some cases involve using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) or digital therapies that support traditional treatment.
When Should You See a Doctor?
Medical help should be sought in the following cases:
– Symptoms persist for more than two weeks without improvement.
– Symptoms interfere with work, study, or social relationships.
– Presence of suicidal thoughts or self-harm intentions.
Article Summary
Depression is a common mental disorder but is highly treatable when diagnosed early and managed with an appropriate plan. Awareness of symptoms and seeking help at the right time are among the most important steps to maintain mental health and quality of life.
Scientific References
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Depression – Fact Sheet. Updated 2023.
2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2022.
3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Depression in adults: treatment and management (NG222). Updated 2024.
4. UpToDate. Major depressive disorder in adults: Clinical features and diagnosis. Last updated 2023.
5. Mayo Clinic. Depression: Diagnosis and treatment. Updated 2022.
6. Thibaut F et al. Depression: Pathophysiology and treatment update. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2022.
